Pure electric vehicles operate by using the energy from a battery to power an electric motor that moves the wheels forward.

The energy follows this route: battery→power conditioner→electric motor→power transmission system→drive wheel.

The battery provides current, which is conditioned via a power regulator before going to the motor. Then, it provides torque to fuel movement through the transmission system and reaches the drive wheel for motion.

Basic components of pure electric vehicles

Motor

The motor is the core element of an electric vehicle. Using the principle of electromagnetic induction, it transforms electrical energy into rotational motion and serves as a power source. Symbolically represented by "M" in circuit diagrams, this device is responsible for providing the necessary power to drive electrical equipment or machinery.

Generator

Generators offer an invaluable service to many industries. Their primary role is to transform mechanical energy into electrical energy, which is symbolized by the letter G in a circuit diagram. In this way, generators help power a variety of machines and devices.

Cooling system

The cooling system usually consists of a radiator, a water pump, a fan, a thermostat, a coolant temperature gauge, and a drain switch. There are two cooling methods for electric vehicle engines, namely air cooling and water cooling. Generally, electric vehicle engines use water cooling.

Transmission system

The Pure electric vehicle chassis is distinguished by excellent traction properties due to the electric motor. As a result, this type of battery vehicle requires no clutch or transmission system; speed control is achieved by regulating the motor's speed using a controller.

Driving system

The driving system of an electric vehicle is similar to a traditional fuel-based car, consisting of a frame, axle, wheels, and suspension.

Its purpose is to provide an interface that receives the torque transmitted by the motor, converted it into traction force against the road surface, and allows for normal operation.

Additionally, its design should mitigate any impact caused by uneven roads as much as possible in order to maintain stability during travel.

Steering system

The electric vehicle steering system is responsible for controlling the direction of the vehicle. It's composed of a steering wheel, steering gear, steering knuckle, steering arm, tie rods, and more.

The system must maintain a precise coordinate between the wheels when turning to ensure the vehicle moves in the intended direction without excessive vibrations or swaying.

By ensuring that all components are configured properly and fine-tuned to minute details, drivers can be sure that their vehicles will respond accurately to their inputs with comfortable handling characteristics as well as small minimum turning diameters.

Brake system

Electric vehicles are equipped with a braking system to slow down or stop the vehicle, as well as to keep it stationary when parked. This system includes brakes, brake transmissions, and potentially anti-lock braking devices.

Like traditional fuel-powered vehicles, electric cars rely on two sets of driving brakes and parking brakes. These components work together to create an efficient deceleration and stop the process.

Electrical Equipment

Electric vehicles rely on specialized electrical equipment to run. The most important part is the power battery pack, which supplies electricity to the starter and electric motor.

This pack consists of multiple 12V or 24V batteries connected in either series or parallel, depending on how much voltage is needed by the vehicle.

Since this power source can take up a sizable amount of space in an electric car, it needs to be arranged in either a centralized or decentralized way in order to accommodate other features of the car.

Energy recovery system

The role of the energy recovery mechanism is to recycle otherwise-lost kinetic energy during deceleration and coasting in an electric vehicle into raw electrical power, which then can be stored in a capacitor or battery.

During operation, this saved energy can be rapidly called upon as needed.

Cooling system

During the operation of the vehicle, it is paramount to have efficient heat dissipation due to the large amount of heat generated by the battery.

Body

The body of an electric vehicle is typically divided into front and rear compartments. The front compartment can generally seat two passengers, the driver, and one additional person.

To accommodate customer requirements, carriages can be modified in several ways, like changing their configurations, material selections, and layout design.

For passenger comfort purposes, most vehicles use a single side-by-side seating option with varying numbers of seats based on the model in question.

Types of pure electric vehicles

A single battery as a power source

A pure electric vehicle using a single battery as a power source is only equipped with a battery pack.

Equipped with an auxiliary power source

Some pure electric vehicles employ a single battery as their primary energy source, which can limit their specific energy and power output. This limits their overall performance and driving range.

To combat this, several auxiliary power sources have been implemented for use in pure electric vehicles; supercapacitors, generator sets, solar energy, and others have all been used to increase starting performance and improve the vehicle's range.